The bed depth or the amount of charge material is an important parameter that can affect the heating, sintering, coating and moving of material along the kiln and the control process in a rotary kiln. An inverse geometry heat conduction problem is solved to detect the unknown location of the surface of the charge material or unknown bed depth in the rotary kiln. The finite volume method is employed to discretize the governing equation of the direct problem domain and the inverse model is constructed to identify the unknown boundary location. A sequence direct problem is solved in an effort to update the boundary geometry by minimizing an objective function. The objective function is constructed by summation of the squared differences between the actual and computed temperatures at the sensor locations. This function (objective function) is minimized, based on the two optimization algorithms, (L-MM) and (CGM) methods. Since, for each optimization step, a new grid is generated in the computational domain, this producer may be defined as one kind of an inverse geometry problem. In another way, by estimating the unknown location of the bed surface (bed depth) for each cross section of the kiln, the amount of charge material at this slice can be obtained.

B-jump is defined as the jump having the toe section located on a positively sloping upstream channel and the roller end on a downstream horizontal channel. predicting the occurrence of such jump and determination of the sequent depth can help the engineer to better design the stilling basin’s wall. This is because the component of water weight within the jump can not be neglected and it is too difficult to calculate accurately. Therefore the sequent depth ratio relation can not be developed by using the momentum equation then experimental based formula should be used. In this paper first a literature reveiw is conducted then by applying the  P-theorm and defining new variable of, k, which is the upstream and downstream jump water surface elevation difference, a non dimensional relation was developed, which is not dependet on slope. To verify such relation an extensive experimental tests was conducted. By using the SPSS software an experesion was developed which show the new formula can be applied for all range of chute slope. Comparison of previous relations with our relation show that the new relation can predict the sequent depth more accurate.

Hydraulic grade-control structures (e.g. drops, bed sills, check dams, etc.) have been widely used in rivers with low stability and high erosion especially in mountain streams. For proper and safe design, prediction of maximum scour depth downstream of grade-control structures in rivers has vital importance. For this reason, researchers have focused on developing simple and accurate empirical equations in form of non-linear regression models for predicting scour depth.However, accuracy of regression models is limited in general and they have good applicability just for their experimental data. In this paper, Support Vector Machines (SVM), in forecasting the scour depth downstream bed sills is applied.226 experimental data sets from literatures with different hydraulic and sediment conditions and at clear-water scouring have been used. Comparison of results in testing phase showed that outcome from the support vector machines with coefficient of determination of 0.96, root mean square errors of 0.539 and mean absolute errors of 0.4 suggest a better performance to existing regression compared equations. Also, it is found that from 5 effective input dimensionless parameters including a/Hs, D50/Hs,, S0. a/DD50 and L/Hs, only the first three parameters had greater effects on modeling maximum scour depth at bed sills and the remaining may be omitted.

Scouring caused by flow from an verflow spillway in a Plunge Pool has been studied. The effects of bed formation on the final depth of scouring is investigated.Tests were conducted for two different flow (namely 0 and 15 L/S), three different falling head (namely 45, 60, and 75 cm), ad four different bed materials (1, 2.75, 7.15, and 11 mm).Results obtained show that the relation provided by Kotulas for estimating the final scouring depth caused by falling jets in a plunge pool is more suitable. Based on statistical analysis a relation for estimating the scouring depth is presented.

Removal of particles by filter is a complex process in water treatment. Several factors are involved such as shape and size of filter grains, suspended particle concentration, filtration velocity and filter bed depth. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of filtration velocity and rapid sand filter bed depth on removal efficiency of suspended particles. Four filtration velocities (0.086, 0.11, 0.14 and 0.17 cm/sec) and three depths of filter bed (25, 50 and 60 cm) were used in this study. Kaolinite concentration in inlet suspension above the filter bed was 100 ppm in each experiment. Silica sand was used as the filter medium with an average diameter of 0.51 mm. The results showed that removal efficiency of suspended particles was greater in low filtration velocity (i.e. 0.086 cm/sec) than high filtration velocities in the filters with specific bed depth. Removal efficiency of suspended particles increased with increasing filter bed depth from 25 to 50 cm in all of the experiments but there was no significant difference between obtained results in the filter bed with 50 and 60 cm depths (a=0.01). Head loss development was greater in low velocities than high velocities. Head loss development was greater in 25 cm depth than 50 and 60 cm depths in all of the filtration velocities. Favorable depth and filtration velocity was obtained 50 cm and 0.17 cm/sec, respectively.

Introduction: The study objective is to remove heavy metals from an aqueous solution using recycled bentonite clay waste (RBCW) as a low-cost and green adsorbent in a continuous system. The produced RBCW results from thermal remediating of the hazardous industrial bentonite clay waste that is a by-product of used engine oil recycling plants. Materials and Methods: The doses of the RBCW adsorbent were (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) g mixed with (30, 40, and 50) g of the crystalline sand to produce bed depth columns of (22, 30, and 38 cm), respectively. The influent concentrations of all adsorbates were (20, 50, and 100) ppm, and the flow rates of the continuous system were (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) mL/min. Results: The BET, XRF, and SEM tests and the experimental data approved that RBCW is active material for heavy metals adsorption. The adsorption capacity and breakthrough time of Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Ni for dominant parameters (flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, adsorbent mass of 1.0 g, and influent concentration of heavy metals of 20 ppm) were 70.36, 36.05, 27.55, 21.67, and 18.63 mg/g, and 35, 19.73, 11.38, 6.25, and 8.13 hr, respectively. Conclusion: The RBCW adsorbent has more than one advantage in industrial and environmental issues. The (R2) values for Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and BDST models were higher than 0.9. Moreover, the breakthrough curves of experimental data were more fitted with the Yoon-Nelson model due to the high value of R2 and low values of Chi-square, absolute average deviation, and standard deviation.

In this paper the effectiveness combination of bed sill and collar in reduction of local scour depth at cylindrical piers under clear water flow condition was investigated (V/Vc=0.9). In the first of experiments, the bed sill was located in downstream and different distances from the piers. Results indicated that minimum distance of the bed sill from the piers in downstream has maximum reduction of scour depth in front of the piers. The percent reduction of scour depth is about 30% in this case. In continuing the tests, used the collar and bed sill simultaneous. When using the combined of collar (2D) and bed sill (L=0), the percent reduction of scour depth in front of piers is about 42% and more than 98% when using the combined of collar (3D) and bed sill (L=0). The results show that using combined of collar and bed sill have more effect in reduction of local scour around bridge piers.

Hydraulic jump is one of the important phenomena in rapidly varied flow. Due to this phenomenon the energy loss, the upstream flow velocity significantly decreases. In the present study, hydraulic jump on a new roughened bed -with half cylindrical shape bars with three heights (r) and four different longitudinal spacing (s=1D, 2D, 3D, 4D) were investigated. In total 238 experiments were performed for a range of Froude numbers from 4.6 to 7.4 on horizontal bed and two adverse slopes of 1 and 1.5 %. The results showed that the sequent depth decreases and energy loss and bed shear stress increases as the height, spacing of the rough bars, adverse slope and Froude number increased. In hydraulic jump on adverse slope of 1.5% and rough bed with half cylindrical roughness, sequent depth 36% decreases and the bed shear stress coefficient is 16 times of its corresponding values on smooth and horizontal bed. Some empirical relations for sequent depth ratio, relative energy loss and bed shear stress coefficient were introduced.Totally, the results obtained show that, rough bed with adverse slopes may be used to achieve better performance in stilling basins.

In the present paper, simulations of tidal currents in the Persian Gulf using depth average flow solver version of NASIR (Numerical Analyzer for Scientific and Industrial Requirements) software are verified. The hydrodynamic equations utilized in this work consist of depth integrated equations of continuity and motion in two dimensional horizontal planes (SWE). The effects of rainfall-evaporation are considered in the continuity equation and the effects of bed slope and friction, as well as the Coriolis effects are considered in two equations of motion. The vertex base finite volume method is applied for solving the governing equations on triangular unstructured meshes. Due to the complexity of the coastal boundaries and the existence of irregularly shaped islands, turbulent flow circulations may play an effective role in the formation of flow field parameters. Therefore, the effect of turbulent modeling on the accuracy of the depth averaged circulating flow simulation is investigated.  The performance of the computer model to simulate tidal flow in the Persian Gulf domain is examined by imposing tidal fluctuations to the main flow boundary during a limited period of time. In addition, in order to illustrate the computed tidal flow characteristics in the Persian Gulf, an S2 tidal constituents chart is presented.

River confluences are one of the most complex places in river systems, that it is important to predict the maximum scour depth (Ds) at this place using intelligent systems that consider this complexity. Therefore, in this study, the performance of two artificial intelligence models, namely, SVR (considering different validation techniques including train-test, K-Fold and leave-one-out) and GRNN was evaluated. Results showed that, although all models show approximately good accuracy in predicting the Ds; but, SVR with train-test validation method shows more accuracy (with R2, MAE, MARE, RMSE and NSE of 95.66, 0.0124, 4.26, 0.0168 and 0.993, respectively), and after that SVR K-Fold (at K=9), SVR leave-one-out; and GRNN are the accurate models in this study, respectively.